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- <text id=93CT1751>
- <link 91TT0541>
- <link 91TT0498>
- <link 90TT3428>
- <link 90TT2116>
- <title>
- Kuwait--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southwest Asia
- Kuwait
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Kuwait's modern history began in the 18th century with the
- founding of the city of Kuwait by the Uteiba section of the
- Anaiza tribe, who wandered north from Qatar. Its first definite
- contact with the West was between 1775 and 1779, when the
- British-operated Persian Gulf-Aleppo Mail Service was diverted
- through Kuwait from Persian-occupied Basra (in Iraq).
- </p>
- <p> During the 19th century, Kuwait tried to obtain British
- support to maintain its independence from the Turks and various
- powerful Arabian Peninsula groups. In 1989, the ruler Sheikh
- Mubarak Al Sabah "the Great" signed an agreement with the
- United Kingdom pledging himself and his successors neither to
- cede any territory nor to receive agents or representatives of
- any foreign power without the British Government's consent. The
- British agreed to grant an annual subsidy to support the Sheikh
- and his heirs and to afford them the United Kingdom's
- protection. Until 1961, Kuwait enjoyed special treaty relations
- with the United Kingdom, which handled Kuwait's foreign affairs
- and was responsible for its security. Mubarak was followed as
- ruler by his son Jabir (1915-17) and another son Salim
- (1917-21). Subsequent amirs descend from these two brothers.
- Sheikh Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah ruled from 1921 until his death
- in 1950, and Sheikh Abdullah al-Salim Al-Sabah from 1950 to
- 1965. By early 1961, the British had withdrawn their special
- court system, which handled the cases of foreigners resident in
- Kuwait, and the Kuwait Government began to exercise legal
- jurisdiction under new laws drawn up by an Egyptian jurist. On
- June 19, 1961. Kuwait became fully in dependent following an
- exchange of notes with the United Kingdom.
- </p>
- <p> Kuwait's northern border with Iraq dates from an agreement
- with Turkey in 1913. Although the agreement was never formally
- ratified, Iraq accepted it in 1932 upon independence from
- Turkey. However, Iraq claimed Kuwait in 1961, contending that
- before British intervention, it had been part of the Ottoman
- Empire under Iraqi suzerainty. Although Iraq and Kuwait today
- enjoy friendly relations, no formal agreement has been reached.
- </p>
- <p> The boundary with Saudi Arabia was set by the Treaty of Uqair
- in 1922, which also established the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Neutral
- Zone, an area of about 5,180 sq. km. (2,000 sq. mi.) adjoining
- Kuwait's southern border. In December 1969, Kuwait and Saudi
- Arabia signed an agreement dividing the Neutral Zone (now known
- as the Divided Zone) and demarcating a new international
- boundary. However, efforts to reach agreement on the northern
- boundary at the Divided Zone's territorial waters have been
- unsuccessful. Both countries share equally the Divided Zone's
- petroleum, onshore and offshore.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> The State of Kuwait has been ruled by the Sabah family since
- 1751. The 1962 constitution contains detailed provisions on the
- powers and relationships of the branches of government and on
- the rights of citizens. Upon the death of an amir, the crown
- prince assumes his position. A new crown prince is then
- selected by members of the Sabah family from among the direct
- descendants of Mubarak the Great. Under the constitution, this
- designation is subject to the approval of the National Assembly.
- Since independence, there have been orderly successions in 1965
- and 1978.
- </p>
- <p> Kuwait's first National Assembly was elected in 1963, with
- follow-on elections held in 1967, 1971, and 1975. From 1976 to
- 1981 the National Assembly was suspended when serious inter-Arab
- tensions were reflected. Following elections in 1981 and 1985,
- the National Assembly was again dissolved after it reverted once
- again to a forum for frictions over inter-Arab and domestic
- policy issues. No political parties exist in Kuwait and, as of
- mid-l987, the National Assembly remains suspended.
- </p>
- <p> Kuwait experienced an unprecedented era of prosperity under
- Amir Sabah al-Salim Al Sabah, who died in 1977 after ruling for
- 12 years, and under his successor, the present ruler, Amir Jabir
- al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah. The country was transformed into a
- highly developed welfare state with a free market economy. Since
- 1982, depressed oil prices and demand, loss of trade due to the
- Iran-Iraq war, and the collapse of the extra official stock
- market have created serious economic problems but have not
- greatly affected the quality of life for most residents.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- March 1988.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-